Cuba sees explosion in internet access

Two days before Christmas, Luis Gonzalez received a little Chinese modem from Cuba's state-owned telecommunications company.

The 55-year-old theatre producer connected the device to his phone and his laptop computer, which instantly lit up with a service unimaginable in the Cuba of just a few years ago - relatively fast home internet.

"It's really easy to sit and find whatever you need," Gonzalez said as he updated his Facebook account, listening to Uruguayan radio online.

"Most Cubans aren't used to this convenience."

Home internet came to Cuba in December in a limited pilot program that's part of the most dramatic change in daily life here since the declaration of detente with the United States on December 17, 2014.

While Cuba remains one of the world's least internet-connected societies, ordinary citizens' access to the internet has exploded over the past two years. Since the summer of 2015, the Cuban government has opened 240 public Wi-Fi spots in parks and on street corners across the country. Cubans were previously restricted to decrepit state internet clubs and hotels that charged $US6-$US8 for an hour of slow internet.

In a country with an average monthly salary of around $US25, the price of an hour online has dropped to $US1.50 - still steep but now well within the range of many Cubans with private income or financial help from relatives abroad.

The government estimates that 100,000 Cubans connect to the internet daily. A new feature of urban life in Cuba is the sight of people sitting at all hours on street corners or park benches, their faces illuminated by the screen of smartphones connected by applications such as Facebook Messenger to relatives in Miami, Ecuador or other outposts of the Cuban diaspora. Connections are made mostly through access cards sold by the state monopoly and often resold on street corners for higher prices.

The spread of connectivity has remotely reunited families separated for years, even decades. It's fuelled the spread of Airbnb and other booking services that have funnelled millions in business to private bed-and-breakfasts owners. And it's exposed Cubans to a faster flow of news and cultural developments from the outside world - supplementing the availability of media spread on memory drivers.

Cuban ingenuity has spread internet far beyond those public places: thousands of people grab the public signals through commercially available repeaters, imported illegally into Cuba and often sold for about $US100 - double the original price. Mounted on rooftops, the repeaters grab the public signals and create a form of home internet increasingly available in private rentals for tourists and cafes and restaurants for both Cubans and visitors.

On the official front, Google and Cuba's state-run telecoms monopoly Etecsa struck a deal in December to store Google content like YouTube video on servers inside Cuba, giving people on the island faster, smoother access.

While the explosion of internet in Cuba has occurred alongside the process of normalisation started by Obama in 2014, it's unclear how much better relations have speeded up Cuba's move online.

In announcing detente, Obama said he welcomed "Cuba's decision to provide more access to the internet for its citizens," but neither Obama's team nor Cuban officials have detailed whether that decision was directly linked to negotiations to restore diplomatic ties and began negotiations.

What is clear is that Cuba began to dramatically increase access about six months later when the government began opening Wi-Fi spots around the country. For many Cubans, the start of home internet in December is potentially even more significant, breaking a longstanding barrier against private internet access in a country whose communist government remains deeply wary about information technology undermining its near-total control of media, political life and most of the economy.

The pace of change in Cuba often depends on the state of relations with its giant neighbour to the north: both tensions with the US and leaps forward like Obama's visit to Havana in 2016 have prompted crackdowns by hardliners worried about the government losing control.

While US President Donald Trump has promised to take a harder line on Cuba, both opponents of President Raul Castro's government and those advocating closer relations favour more access to information for ordinary Cubans.

The home internet test program selected some 2,000 residents of Old Havana to receive free connections for two months before a planned expansion and the start of billing for the service. Gonzalez said he would be able to receive 30 hours of his 128 kilobyte-per-second connection for $US15, with the price increasing for faster connections, with 30 hours of a 2 megabyte-per-second connection available for $US115.

That's far slower and wildly more expensive than internet in most of the rest of the world.

Cuba depended on slow, expensive satellite internet until 2013, when it opened a fibre-optic cable to Venezuela that connected the island to the global online infrastructure.

Cuba says that its still-high internet prices are a result of costs imposed by the US trade embargo on the island.

Independent observers blame the costs on political decisions to limit access, and on the cash-strapped socialist government's widespread use of its monopoly power to extract as much money as possible for goods and services considered luxuries.

Many young people hope that the spread of access in recent years is the start of Cuba seeing internet more as a necessity and a right, like the free education and health care guaranteed by Cuba's socialist system.